肉类风味影响因素研究进展

肉是人类食物的重要组成部分,为人类提供了必需的蛋白质、脂肪和维生素。肉类风味是评价肉类品质的重要指标,风味的好坏直接影响肉类品质和消费者的选择。肉类风味形成途径复杂,全面分析检测难度较大,影响肉类风味的因素众多,涉及物理、化学、生物等多个领域。文章概述了肉类风味形成途径和分析方法,并着重对肉类风味的影响因素进行了讨论。     

悬浮法PVC树脂粒径的影响因素

讨论了悬浮法PVC树脂生产过程中影响树脂粒径的主要因素,有针对性地从聚合釜搅拌、反应配方、体系氧含量、pH值、聚合温度和转化率等方面提出了粒径的控制方案。     

Experimental determination of pesticide processing factors during extraction of seed oils

ABSTRACT

Processing Factors (PFs) reflect the concentration or dilution of pesticide residues resulting from food processing. PFs are key elements to demonstrate the compliance of processed foods with Maximum residue levels (MRLs) as set by Regulation 396/2005. While efforts have been made by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and by national authorities to compile PFs from processing studies, such PFs are not available for all pesticides/processed product combinations. The EU vegetable oil and proteinmeal industry association (FEDIOL) has therefore developed a theoretical approach to approximate MRLs in crude vegetable oils and fats, based on the partition coefficient (log P_ow) of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw materials. To substantiate this approach, a pilot-scale processing study was initiated with rapeseeds spiked with selected pesticides and the experimental PFs for these pesticides determined. The aims of this study were (i) to study the reliability of pilot-scale conditions for PF determination and (ii) to assess the experimental PFs obtained in comparison to the theoretical PFs proposed by FEDIOL. This study demonstrated that production yields obtained for crude oil and meal in this processing study are similar to those in industrial processes even if differences were observed in the individual production steps (mechanical or solvent extraction steps). The experimental PFs obtained confirmed that the chosen fat-soluble pesticides did concentrate in the oil fraction. For metalaxyl-M having a log P_ow lower than 3, a partitioning between the oil and the meal was observed, as expected. By comparing the experimental PFs and theoretical PFs, it can be concluded that the FEDIOL approach can be recommended as a suitable tool when PFs derived from specific processing studies are missing. Similar studies on pesticides with wider ranges of log P_ow are required in order to complete our conclusions on default PFs for vegetable oils.     

水体中微塑料的环境影响行为研究进展

微塑料是指一类广泛存在于环境中的粒径小于5mm的塑料颗粒的总称，当其存在于水体环境中，容易吸附其他污染物，影响它们的迁移行为，进而对生态效应产生影响。本文依据水体环境中微塑料的相关研究报道，对微塑料在水环境中的影响行为进行概述。主要从微塑料的物理、化学和生物特性在环境中的变化特性，微塑料与环境中其他污染物质的相互作用关系，以及微塑料及其复合污染体系对水生生物造成的生态效应影响等3个方面对微塑料的环境行为进行总结、归纳与阐述。最后，针对微塑料对水环境中的环境影响效应，提出了今后的研究方向与展望。     

破囊壶菌发酵生产DHA的研究进展

二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）是一种非常重要的多不饱和脂肪酸，能参与人及动物体内多个生理过程。破囊壶菌具有生长迅速、细胞内DHA含量高的特点，是工业化生产DHA的潜力菌。本文主要介绍破囊壶菌DHA代谢通路、影响破囊壶菌生产DHA的因素以及破囊壶菌中试发酵的研究现状。首先，对破囊壶菌合成DHA的两个代谢途径，即脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthesis pathway，FAS）途径和聚酮合酶（polyketide synthesis pathway，PKS）途径进行总结和描述；其次，对影响破囊壶菌发酵生产DHA的三个主要因素（碳氮源、溶氧和温度）进行综述；随后，阐述了破囊壶菌发酵生产DHA的中试放大工艺的研究现状；最后，提出破囊壶菌发酵生产DHA过程中存在的问题，并指出进一步分离获得优质的破囊壶菌菌株、对其代谢途径和关键酶的研究以及中试放大工艺的研究是下一步研究的重点。通过对上述一系列问题进行综述，旨在为利用破囊壶菌工业化生产DHA提供一定的参考。     

基于改进人工蜂群算法的多目标绿色柔性作业车间调度研究

针对多目标绿色柔性作业车间调度问题（MGFJSP）的特点，提出从碳排放量、噪声和废弃物这3个指标来综合评定环境污染程度，建立了以最小化最大完成时间和环境污染程度为优化目标的MGFJSP模型，并提出了一种改进的人工蜂群算法来求解该模型。算法的具体改进包括：设计了一种三维向量的编码和对应解码方案，在跟随蜂搜索阶段引入一种有效的动态邻域搜索操作来提高算法的局部搜索能力，在侦查蜂阶段提出产生新食物源的策略用于增加种群的多样性。最后进行了实验研究与算法对比，以验证所建模型和所提算法的有效性。     

Design structure matrix (DSM) method application to issue of modeling and analyzing the fault tree of a wind energy asset

The perpetual energy production of a wind farm could be accomplished (under proper weather conditions) if no failures occurred. But even the best possible design, manufacturing, and maintenance of a system cannot eliminate the failure possibility. In order to understand and minimize the system failures, the most crucial components of the wind turbines, which are prone to failures, should be identified. Moreover, it is essential to determine and classify the criticality of the system failures according to the impact of these failure events on wind turbine safety. The present study is processing the failure data from a wind farm and uses the Fault Tree Analysis as a baseline for applying the Design Structure Matrix technique to reveal the failure and risk interactions between wind turbine subsystems. Based on the analysis performed and by introducing new importance measures, the “readiness to fail” of a subsystem in conjunction with the “failure riskiness” can determine the “failure criticality.” The value of the failure criticality can define the frame within which interventions could be done. The arising interventions could be applied either to the whole system or could be focused in specified pairs of wind turbine subsystems. In conclusion, the method analyzed in the present research can be effectively applied by the wind turbine manufacturers and the wind farm operators as an operation framework, which can lead to a limited (as possible) design‐out maintenance cost, failures' minimization, and safety maximization for the whole wind turbine system.     

Sustainable supply chain management in Indian organisations: an empirical investigation

The present work is an attempt to investigate the adoption of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices amongst manufacturing and process based organisations in India and its impact on organisational performance encompassing all three dimensions of sustainability. SSCM practices conceived in the present study include environmental management practices (EMP), socially inclusive practices for employees (SPE), socially inclusive practices for community (SPC), operations practices (OP) and supply chain integration (SCI) which were treated as exogenous variables. Organisational performance considered in this study includes five dimensions, namely environmental performance (EPR), employee-centred social performance (ESP), community-centred social performance (CSP), operations performance (OPR) and competitiveness, which were regarded as endogenous variables. The analysis was carried out with the help of structural equation modelling considering natural logarithm of manpower as a control variable. Few major findings are mentioned. EMP does not have any significant association with OPR, nor does it result in competitiveness. However, when jointly mediated through both EPR and OPR, EMP leads to competitiveness. SPC has significant negative association with competitiveness, when only direct relationship is considered. However, indirect relationship between SPC and competitiveness shows significant positive association when mediated through CSP. The resultant total effect between SPC and competitiveness turns out to be insignificant. Further, OPR fully mediates the relationship between OP and competitiveness. Managerial implications of the findings are discussed.     

Role of weave design on the mechanical properties of 3D woven fabrics as reinforcements for structural composites

3D fabrics as reinforcement can be manipulated in discrete numbers of weave designs in order to earn maximum gain so that the desired mechanical properties of the composites can be achieved eventually for particular end use. Thus interest has been focused to investigate tensile, impact and knife penetration properties of 3D orthogonal and interlock structures of different weave designs by varying their binder interlacement patterns keeping stuffer binder ratio constant. The tensile properties were effectively influenced by the linear densities as well as crimp of load bearing tows, which were determined by the weave design of the fabric. The compact structure generated from regular weave pattern in case of 1 × 1 plain orthogonal and 1 × 1 plain interlock fabrics exhibited better impact energy absorption. Owing to higher values of peak energy in the knife penetration test, it is revealed that more is the number of fibres in the in-plane direction better is the protection.     

Effects of yoghurt butter oils on rat plasma lipids,haematology and liver histology parameters in a 150‐day study

Although yoghurt butter oil as a fermented dairy product is widely consumed in several countries, its metabolic effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, male Wistar rats were treated with standard diet, standard diet enriched with 10% or 20% (W/W) of either cow yoghurt butter oil (CYBO), sheep yoghurt butter oil (SYBO) or cottonseed oil (COT) for 20 weeks. Treatment of rats with CYBO or SYBO (at both concentrations) did not significantly influence haematological parameters, plasma lipids and liver histological structure. However, in contrast to popular belief, COT treatment at the higher dose induced leukocytosis, dyslipidaemia and liver steatosis.